CWE-116 Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output

What this means

SiteShadow flagged output that is not being encoded/escaped correctly for its context (HTML, attributes, JavaScript, URLs, SQL, shell). "Escape for the right context" is the key.

Why it matters

Improper encoding enables XSS and injection attacks.

• XSS when untrusted data is rendered into HTML/JS contexts.
• Header/URL injection when output is used in redirects or headers.
• Data corruption when the wrong encoding is applied (e.g., double-encoding).

Safer examples

1) Prefer templating/framework defaults (escape by default)

Avoid "raw HTML" rendering modes unless sanitized.

2) Use safe APIs (textContent vs innerHTML)

el.textContent = userInput; // safe for text
// el.innerHTML = userInput; // risky

3) Use context-aware encoders/sanitizers

Use HTML escaping for HTML, URL encoding for URLs, and sanitizers for rich HTML.

How SiteShadow detects it (high level)

• Identifies common output sinks (HTML/DOM/templating, headers, redirects) and checks whether inputs appear untrusted.
• Detects use of "raw" output modes without escaping/sanitization nearby.

References

• CWE-116: https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/116.html

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